小泉八雲 “JIKININKI” 原文 及び やぶちゃんによる原注の訳及びそれへの補注
[やぶちゃん注:本篇を含む“KWAIDAN”(邦題「怪談」)は1904(明治37)年、アメリカのハウトン・ミフリン書店から出版された。本ページの原文は原書ではなく、Web上にある、Canada
の Mount Royal College Gaslight etext の版を用いたが、一部スペースを除去し、ダッシュの長さと注釈位置を変更し、本文末尾にあった (End.) を省略した。]
KWAIDAN : STORIES AND STUDIES OF STRANGE THINGS by LAFCADIO HEARN
JIKININKI
ONCE, when Musô Kokushi, a priest of the
Zen sect, was journeying alone through the province of Mino, he lost his way in
a mountain-district where there was nobody to direct him. For a long time he
wandered about helplessly; and he was beginning to despair of finding shelter
for the night, when he perceived, on the top of a hill lighted by the last rays
of the sun, one of those little hermitages, called anjitsu, which are built for
solitary priests. It seemed to be in a ruinous condition; but he hastened to it
eagerly, and found that it was inhabited by an aged priest, from whom he begged
the favor of a night's lodging. This the old man harshly refused; but he
directed Musô to a certain hamlet, in the valley adjoining, where lodging and
food could be obtained.
Musô found his way to the hamlet, which
consisted of less than a dozen farm-cottages; and he was kindly received at the
dwelling of the headman. Forty or fifty persons were assembled in the principal
apartment, at the moment of Musô's arrival; but he was shown into a small
separate room, where he was promptly supplied with food and bedding. Being very
tired, he lay down to rest at an early hour; but a little before midnight he was
roused from sleep by a sound of loud weeping in the next apartment. Presently
the sliding-screens were gently pushed apart; and a young man, carrying a
lighted lantern, entered the room, respectfully saluted him, and said:――
"Reverend Sir, it is my painful duty to tell you that I am now the
responsible head of this house. Yesterday I was only the eldest son. But when
you came here, tired as you were, we did not wish that you should feel
embarrassed in any way: therefore we did not tell you that father had died only
a few hours before. The people whom you saw in the next room are the inhabitants
of this village: they all assembled here to pay their last respects to the dead;
and now they are going to another village, about three miles off,――for, by our
custom, no one of us may remain in this village during the night after a death
has taken place. We make the proper offerings and prayers;――then we go away,
leaving the corpse alone. Strange things always happen in the house where a
corpse has thus been left: so we think that it will be better for you to come
away with us. We can find you good lodging in the other village. But perhaps, as
you are a priest, you have no fear of demons or evil spirits; and, if you are
not afraid of being left alone with the body, you will be very welcome to the
use of this poor house. However, I must tell you that nobody, except a priest,
would dare to remain here tonight."
Musô made answer:――
"For
your kind intention and your generous hospitality, I am deeply grateful. But I
am sorry that you did not tell me of your father's death when I came;――for,
though I was a little tired, I certainly was not so tired that I should have
found any difficulty in doing my duty as a priest. Had you told me, I could have
performed the service before your departure. As it is, I shall perform the
service after you have gone away; and I shall stay by the body until morning. I
do not know what you mean by your words about the danger of staying here alone;
but I am not afraid of ghosts or demons: therefore please to feel no anxiety on
my account."
The young man appeared to be rejoiced by these assurances,
and expressed his gratitude in fitting words. Then the other members of the
family, and the folk assembled in the adjoining room, having been told of the
priest's kind promises, came to thank him,――after which the master of the house
said:――
"Now, reverend Sir, much as we regret to leave you alone, we
must bid you farewell. By the rule of our village, none of us can stay here
after midnight. We beg, kind Sir, that you will take every care of your
honorable body, while we are unable to attend upon you. And if you happen to
hear or see anything strange during our absence, please tell us of the matter
when we return in the morning."
All then left the house except the
priest, who went to the room where the dead body was lying. The usual offerings
had been set before the corpse; and a small Buddhist lamp――tômyô――was burning.
The priest recited the service, and performed the funeral ceremonies,――after
which he entered into meditation. So meditating he remained through several
silent hours; and there was no sound in the deserted village. But, when the hush
of the night was at its deepest, there noiselessly entered a Shape, vague and
vast; and in the same moment Musô found himself without power to move or speak.
He saw that Shape lift the corpse, as with hands, and devour it, more quickly
than a cat devours a rat,――beginning at the head, and eating everything: the
hair and the bones and even the shroud. And the monstrous Thing, having thus
consumed the body, turned to the offerings, and ate them also. Then it went
away, as mysteriously as it had come.
When the villagers
returned next morning, they found the priest awaiting them at the door of the
headman's dwelling. All in turn saluted him; and when they had entered, and
looked about the room, no one expressed any surprise at the disappearance of the
dead body and the offerings. But the master of the house said to Musô:――
"Reverend Sir, you have probably seen unpleasant things during the
night: all of us were anxious about you. But now we are very happy to find you
alive and unharmed. Gladly we would have stayed with you, if it had been
possible. But the law of our village, as I told you last evening, obliges us to
quit our houses after a death has taken place, and to leave the corpse alone.
Whenever this law has been broken, heretofore, some great misfortune has
followed. Whenever it is obeyed, we find that the corpse and the offerings
disappear during our absence. Perhaps you have seen the cause."
Then
Musô told of the dim and awful Shape that had entered the death-chamber to
devour the body and the offerings. No person seemed to be surprised by his
narration; and the master of the house observed:――
"What you have told
us, reverend Sir, agrees with what has been said about this matter from ancient
time."
Musô then inquired:――
"Does not the priest on the hill
sometimes perform the funeral-service for your dead?"
"What priest?" the
young man asked.
"The priest who yesterday evening directed me to this
village," answered Musô. "I called at his anjitsu on the hill yonder. He refused
me lodging, but told me the way here."
The listeners looked at each
other, as in astonishment; and, after a moment of silence the master of the
house said:――
"Reverend Sir, there is no priest and there is no anjitsu
on the hill. For the time of many generations there has not been any
resident-priest in this neighborhood."
Musô said nothing more on the
subject; for it was evident that his kind hosts supposed him to have been
deluded by some goblin. But after having bidden them farewell, and obtained all
necessary information as to his road, he determined to look again for the
hermitage on the hill, and so to ascertain whether he had really been deceived.
He found the anjitsu without any difficulty; and, this time, its aged occupant
invited him to enter. When he had done so, the hermit humbly bowed down before
him, exclaiming:――"Ah! I am ashamed!――I am very much ashamed!――I am exceedingly
ashamed!"
"You need not be ashamed for having refused me shelter," said
Musô. "You directed me to the village yonder, where I was very kindly treated:
and I thank you for that favor."
"I can give no man shelter," the
recluse made answer;――"and it is not for the refusal that I am ashamed. I am
ashamed only that you should have seen me in my real shape,――for it was I who
devoured the corpse and the offerings last night before your eyes.... Know,
reverend Sir, that I am a jikininki,(1)――an eater of human flesh. Have pity upon
me, and suffer me to confess the secret fault by which I became reduced to this
condition.
"A long, long time ago, I was a priest in this desolate
region. There was no other priest for many leagues around. So, in that time, the
bodies of the mountain-folk who died used to be brought here,――sometimes from
great distances,――in order that I might repeat over them the holy service. But I
repeated the service and performed the rites only as a matter of business;――I
thought only of the food and the clothes that my sacred profession enabled me to
gain. And because of this selfish impiety I was reborn, immediately after my
death, into the state of a jikininki. Since then I have been obliged to feed
upon the corpses of the people who die in this district: every one of them I
must devour in the way that you saw last night. . . . Now, reverend Sir, let me
beseech you to perform a Ségaki-service(2) for me: help me by your prayers, I
entreat you, so that I may be soon able to escape from this horrible state of
existence." . . .
No sooner had the hermit uttered this petition than he
disappeared; and the hermitage also disappeared at the same instant. And Musô
Kokushi found himself kneeling alone in the high grass, beside an ancient and
moss-grown tomb, of the form called go-rin-ishi,(3) which seemed to be the tomb
of a priest.
*
(1) Literally, a man-eating goblin. The Japanese
narrator gives also the Sanscrit term, "Râkshasa;" but this word is quite as
vague as jikininki, since there are many kinds of Râkshasas. Apparently the word
jikininki signifies here one of the Baramon-Rasetsu-Gaki,――forming the
twenty-sixth class of pretas enumerated in the old Buddhist books.
(2) A
Ségaki-service is a special Buddhist service performed on behalf of beings
supposed to have entered into the condition of gaki (pretas),or hungry spirits.
For a brief account of such a service, see my Japanese Miscellany.
(3)
Literally, "five-circle [or 'five-zone'] stone." A funeral monument consisting
of five parts superimposed,――each of a different form,――symbolizing the five
mystic elements: Ether, Air, Fire, Water, Earth.
やぶちゃんによる“JIKININKI”注の訳及びそれへの補注(copyright
2005 Yabtyan)
(1)Jikininki
逐語的には、「人を食うゴブリン(鬼)[やぶちゃん注1]という意味である。日本の語り手は、別に、サンスクリット語で、「羅叉娑(ラシャシャ)」とも称している。しかし、この「羅叉娑」という言葉も、(「羅叉娑」という存在には)沢山の種類があるので、「食人鬼」と同じぐらい漠然とした言い方である。明らかに、「食人鬼」という語は、ここでは古い仏典に列挙されている、「往生していない幽霊[やぶちゃん2]」のうちの、26番目の種類に相当する「婆羅門[やぶちゃん注3]―羅刹[やぶちゃん注4]―餓鬼」の一つを意味している。
[やぶちゃん注1]ゴブリン
醜い小人の姿をしたいたずら好きの精霊。森や洞窟に住み、ドイツでコボルト、フランスではゴブランと呼ぶ。映画で有名になったグレムリン gremlin もゴブリンの一種。
[やぶちゃん注2]往生していない幽霊 (preta)
「プレイタ」と発音し、インド神話において、「うろつく亡霊」とか「往生していない幽霊」(wandering or disturbed ghost)を指す。英語ではなく、サンスクリット語と思われる。
[やぶちゃん注3]婆羅門
これはカーストのバラモンではない。インドの説話集「屍話二十五話」に出てくる、髑髏の杯で血を飲んだというモンスター、婆羅門鬼のことを指すか。ここで八雲は、26番目の鬼は婆羅門というグループで、さらにそこに羅刹という類があり、そしてそのなかの餓鬼という族の中の一種が食人鬼であると言っているようだ。しかし、経典によって羅刹の数はまちまちなので、そもそもこの26番目という表現自体、余り意味があるとは、私には思えない。
[やぶちゃん注4]羅刹
人間を魅惑し、または食うといわれる鬼神で、サンスクリット語で“raksas”と綴る。これこそが、実は原文の“Ro kshasa”と同じものなのである。小泉八雲は、言葉の考証をするうちに、わざわざ理解しにくい複雑な解釈に陥ってしまっているように私には感じられる。
+++
(2)Segaki-service
施餓鬼会(せがきえ)とは、餓鬼(往生していない幽霊)、または飢えた亡者となってしまったと思われる者どものために行われる、特別な仏教の儀式である。そのような仏教の儀式についての簡単な説明は、私の(書いた)「日本雑録[やぶちゃん注5]」を参照にせよ。
[やぶちゃん注5]「日本雑録」 (Japanese Miscellany)
小泉八雲の著作の一つ。邦訳では「日本異聞」とも訳される。
+++
(3)Go-rin-ishi[やぶちゃん注6]
逐語的には、「五輪の(五つのゾーンを持った)石」である。順に上に置かれた五つの、それぞれ違った形から成り立っている、供養塔で、五つの神秘的な元素である、空・風・火・水・地を象徴するものである。
[やぶちゃん注6]Go-rin-ishi(ごりんいし=五輪石)
本邦では「五輪塔」であって、「五輪石」とは言わない。また、各部を呼称するときは、上からは呼ばずに、下から地輪、水輪、火輪、風輪、空輪と呼ぶのが一般的。